Naliczanie opłat w sieciach telekomunikacyjnych Billing the telecommunication networks /

Tyt. z nagłówka.Bibliografia s. 46-47.Dostępny również w formie drukowanej.STRESZCZENIE: Artykuł prezentuje najważniejsze zagadnienia dotyczące naliczania opłat dla usług w sieciach telekomunikacyjnych. Omówiono uwarunkowania ekonomiczne oraz główne funkcje spełniane przez ten system. Wyjaśniono stosowane terminy i definicje. Określono wpływ metod naliczania opłat na zachowanie użytkowników usług. W podsumowaniu podano kryteria oceny schematów naliczania opłat. SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: sieci telekomunikacyjne, ekonomika. ABSTRACT: This paper presents Basic issues for billing system dedicated to support services in telecommunication networks. Main economic conditions and functionalities of the system are described. Fundamental terms and definitions are explained. Impact of billing system on service users' behavior is characterized. In concluding section main criteria for assessment of billing schemes are given. KEYWORDS: telecommunication networks, economics

Mechanisms for efficient inter-domain traffic distribution ph. d. thesis /

Tyt. z ekranu tytułowego.Praca doktorska, Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica (Kraków), 2011.Zawiera bibliogr. i indeks.Dostępna także w wersji drukowanej.Tryb dostępu: Iinternet.Internet structure, topology analysis, ISP types, stub domains, tier-2 transit, tier-1 domains, inter-domain routing, inter-domain traffic engineering, offline vs. online route computation, control of the inter-domain traffic, economic relations in inter-domain environment, inter-domain traffic engineering, offline, online outbound TE techniques, QoS-aware algorithms for inter-AS TE, robust inter-AS route selection, economic issues in inter-domain area, LCR solution, Least Cost Routing idea, network model, functional LCR model, mathematical models, tariff models, linear tariff, tariff with opening cost, step tariff, total volume tariff, global promotion, mechanisms for inter-domain traffic distribution, greedy heuristic methods, proposed algorithms, algorithms evaluation, simulated annealing-based algorithms, simulated annealing algorithm, SAN, two-step heuristic, LABSAN, performance evaluation, genetic-based algorithms, genetic algorithm, LABGEN heuristic algorithm, performance evaluation of the evolutionary methods, performance-based and cost-efficient inter-domain traffic distribution, optimized QoS schemes for performance-based inter-domain traffic distribution, network performance measure, MILP formulations for QoS models, QoS optimization, QoS-constrained models, heuristic algorithms, greedy-based heuristic algorithms, cost-constrained quality maximization heuristic, CCQ, two-phase cost-constrained quality maximization heuristic, TCCQ, performance evaluation, scenario assumptions, evaluation of proposed schemes, optimized protection schemes for resilient inter-domain traffic distribution, MILP formulations for reliability models, QoR-based optimization models, minimum number of partners, MNP, optimization model, minimum free capacity, MFC, optimization models, single partner protection, SPP, optimization model, single interface protection, SIP, optimization model, heuristic algorithms, prioritized greedy-cost descending, PGCD, heuristic, minimum number of partners, MNP, heuristic, single partner protection, SPP, heuristic, MFC at partner related to capacity, PMFCC, heuristic, MFC at interface related to capacity, IMFCC, heuristic, evaluation of proposed algorithms, scenario assumptions, performance evaluation, detailed results for proposed heuristic

HMGB1 Carried by Small Extracellular Vesicles Potentially Plays a Role in Promoting Acquired Middle Ear Cholesteatoma

Cholesteatoma is a specific medical condition involving the abnormal, non-cancerous growth of skin-like tissue in the middle ear, potentially leading to a collection of debris and even infections. The receptor for advanced glycation (RAGE) and its ligand, high-mobility box 1 (HMGB1), are both known to be overexpressed in cholesteatoma and play a potential role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this study, we investigated the role of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in carrying HMGB1 and inducing disease-promoting effects in cholesteatoma. No significant differences in the concentration of isolated sEVs in the plasma of cholesteatoma patients (n = 17) and controls (n = 22) were found (p > 0.05); however, cholesteatoma-derived sEVs carried significantly higher levels of HMGB1 (p p < 0.05), potentially by engaging multiple activation pathways including MAPKp44/p42, STAT3, and the NF-κB pathway. Thus, HMGB1(+) sEVs emerge as a novel factor potentially promoting cholesteatoma progression

Treatment Results of Endoscopic Transnasal Orbital Decompression for Graves’ Orbitopathy—A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis in 28 Orbits of 16 Patients

Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is an extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease (GD), which can be associated with corneal ulcerations or optic neuropathy in severe forms. Transnasal endoscopic orbital decompression (TEOD) is a surgical procedure performed in order to decrease the intraorbital pressure by removing part of its bony borders in cases with excessive mass in orbit. The aim of this study was to present the results and evaluate the efficacy of TEOD for GO. The retrospective study included 28 orbits (16 patients) who underwent TEOD from 2017 to 2020. Outcome was evaluated based on visual acuity improvement, clinical activity score (CAS) decrease, proptosis, and intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction. A preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) increased from 0.69 ± 0.385 (mean ± standard deviation) to 0.74 ± 0.332 (p = 0.17) postoperatively. CAS decreased in 15 orbits postoperatively. Proptosis decreased from 22.89 ± 1.873 mm to 21.25 ± 2.053 mm (p p < 0.05) postoperatively. In addition, postoperative relief of exposure keratitis was observed. The analysis of development of iatrogenic diplopia revealed increasing in degree of diplopia. TEOD shows rare complications, but significant improvements in BCVA, CAS, proptosis, and IOP

RAGE and HMGB1 Expression in Orbital Tissue Microenvironment in Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder involving orbital tissues. A receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its ligand high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein trigger inflammation and cell proliferation and are involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic inflammatory diseases. This study was aimed to evaluate RAGE and HMGB1 expression in GO to determine its potential clinical significance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing RAGE and HMGB1 expression in orbital tissue using immunohistochemistry. Sections of orbital adipose tissue obtained from patients diagnosed with GO (23 patients; 36 orbits) and normal controls (NC) (15 patients; 15 orbits) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for RAGE and HMGB1 expression. Expression profiles were then correlated with clinical data of the study group. RAGE and HMGB1 expression were elevated in GO patients in comparison with NC (p=0.001 and p=0.02, respectively). We observed a correlation between RAGE expression and occurrence of dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) (p=0.05) and levels of TSH Receptor Antibodies (TRAb) (p=0.01). Overexpression of RAGE and HMGB1 might be associated with GO pathogenesis. In addition, RAGE and HMGB1 proteins may be considered as promising therapeutic targets, but this requires further research